That's not a bad thing at all and greatly expands the academic universe. Elsevier journals have been included since mid-2007, when Elsevier began to make most of its ScienceDirect content available to Google Scholar and Google's web search. Mimicking the behaviour of a naïve user, he typed in the term "model", which has different connotations in different academic disciplines, into the search box, only to get a total of 678,664 hits! If Google Scholar finds that e.g. Since December 2006, it has provided links to both published versions and major open access repositories, including those posted on individual faculty web pages and other unstructured sources identified by similarity. One study compared Uppsala University students’ experience of Google Scholar and MetaLib, and found that the former was generally more appreciated (Haya et al., 2007). find and use information resources to which they have access, such as databases, library catalogues, subject-based web gateways, e-journals, e-books, and selected Internet resources; use a common interface to simultaneously cross-search these resources (up to ten at one time, where enabled by the supplier), then view and save results; locate journal titles available in print or online and link to full text where available, via Get it! Its advanced search facility has more criteria, and it is possible to search within one or more broad subject area. 31 No. There are other issues related to databases – such as will the library’s authentication system be recognized when the user goes in via the federated search engine? Users can search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax, and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. Oberhelman (2006) describes how he conducted an experiment with his library’s newly implemented central search system. Effectuez des recherches sur une grande variété de sources et de disciplines : articles, thèses, livres, extraits et décisions de tribunaux. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. A federated search engine is only as good as the databases it searches: it may translate the search into something the native search engine understands, but it cannot improve on the latter’s search interface. Most federated search tools offer both a simple search option across the total range of databases (cross-searching), and also the opportunity to narrow the search by subject, database, or resource type. "(Mayr and Walter, 2007: p. A "quick search" where the user can do a single box search or a more advanced one with Boolean operators and the option of searching by title, subject, author, ISBN, ISSN or year. [39] The practicality of manipulating h-index calculators by spoofing Google Scholar was demonstrated in 2010 by Cyril Labbe from Joseph Fourier University, who managed to rank "Ike Antkare" ahead of Albert Einstein by means of a large set of SCIgen-produced documents citing each other (effectively an academic link farm). Pages may be on a proprietary or private site, and require authentication or a password. Submit sitemaps and individual URLs for crawling. The best known is Google Scholar. Second, vendors of federated search systems need to ensure that such systems are as simple as possible to the user, and return results rapidly with appropriate ranking. Google Scholar has been criticized for not vetting journals and for including predatory journals in its index.[5]. 6-8. The problem with this approach, however, is that whereas search engines are fine for general requirements, they are rarely suitable for academic information. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) is a German product which searches open access collections; in 2006, it contained 2.7 million documents in 189 collections, including 500,000 digitized pages of historical journals and review organs of the German enlightenment (Pieper and Summann, 2006). [38], Search engine optimization for Google Scholar. Bibliometric evidence suggests Google Scholar's coverage of the sciences and social sciences is competitive with other academic databases; however as of 2017, Scholar's coverage of the arts and humanities has not been investigated empirically and Scholar's utility for disciplines in these fields remains ambiguous. The future of open research – How can we work together to create a common ground? [36][37] Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley and Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg demonstrated that citation counts on Google Scholar can be manipulated and complete non-sense articles created with SCIgen were indexed from Google Scholar. Our conclusion is that Google Scholar should be referred to as an academic search engine an not an academic database. The problem, however, is that much of the above content is "invisible" to most search engines, for a variety of reasons (Ford and Mansourian, 2005): The main providers of such content, according to Lewandowski and Mayr (2006), are. Another advantage is that libraries can retain control of content, how the search is organized for the user, and to some extent the display of the results. The user can be easily directed to the most useful resources and be assured of their quality. (2006), "The invisible web: an empirical study of 'cognitive invisibility'", Journal of Documentation, Vol. [34][35] Google Scholar is vulnerable to spam. Metasearch tools may bring their own collections – MetaLib for example brings a selection of resources and databases which it claims are regularly updated. Other reasons – for example, broken links, or pages which simply are not well linked and which have not been submitted to search engines. (Although that is its bias, as is evident from the fact that of the seven subject area options, five are from the sciences, one is for business, administration, finance and economics, and one for the social sciences, arts and humanities.). Many libraries have considerable resources in the form of databases to which they subscribe, recommended websites, e-journals, gateways, etc. 26 No. In many disciplines, the most recognized form of publication is in a peer reviewed journal; even if the journal still exists in print, it will be most commonly accessed via a full-text database. The Google Scholar Button is a browser extension that allows you easily access Google Scholar from any web page. It updates monthly. There has been much concern in academic library circles that students are infected by this sort of instant information gratification, which has set them against the more structured world of libraries. This reveals the top journals in a field of interest, and the articles generating these journal's impact can also be accessed. While related services such as Web of Science, Scopus, or Medline all declare on their websites that their offered services are databases, Google Scholar does not do so, and that's the root of this dilemma. 828.). Google Scholar’s ranking takes account of the full text, the author, the publication and the number of times it has been cited. For an example see Figure 2, below, of a screenshot depicting the University of Bedfordshire's "digital library". Standards for search and retrieve in databases have been developed – for example, Z39.50 or NISO Metasearch XML Gateway – which make searching easier. ), and occasionally by refereed or non-refereed journal, Google Scholar to date has no clustering. Myhill, M. (2007), "Canute rules the waves: Hope for e-library tools facing the challenge of the Google generation", Program: electronic library and information systems, Vol. Federated search tools are customizable so the library can incorporate their own catalogues and databases, creating a portal or gateway through which the user can access the full range of electronic holdings. Google Scholar was launched by Google in November 2004 to much publicity, with the aim of making academic content easily available. A "multisearch" option where the user can select databases according to category. [18], Through its "cited by" feature, Google Scholar provides access to abstracts of articles that have cited the article being viewed. [20], Google Scholar's legal database of US cases is extensive. To gain reasonable results will require some human manipulation: it may be possible to incorporate all human knowledge in one system, but the user will still need to be able to devise strategies to find it. relevance, citation counts, or publication date) to rank results, Google Scholar ranks results with a combined ranking algorithm in a "way researchers do, weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the piece has been cited in other scholarly literature". There are currently a number of federated search options (also called metasearch) for libraries, often linked in with other systems supporting electronic products and services, for example MetaLib (developed by Ex Libris as part of their suite of information management tools), WebFeat (used by more than half of the top US public libraries), MetaFind, ENCompass and CentralSearch. Google Scholar helps you identify the most relevant research across the world of scholarly research". [33] Google Scholar has problems identifying publications on the arXiv preprint server correctly. Google Scholar does not search the entire public web, but limits it's scope to resources from academic publishers, universities, and academic repositories. Interpunctuation characters in titles produce wrong search results, and authors are assigned to wrong papers, which leads to erroneous additional search results. It's not guaranteed that the same search will give the same result. A major enhancement was rolled out in 2012, with the possibility for individual scholars to create personal "Scholar Citations profiles", public author profiles that are editable by authors themselves. Some search results are even given without any comprehensible reason. They are able to do this providing the link complies with OpenURL, which is a syntax for identifying content and creating web-transportable packages of metadata. There are a number of search options for more academic material, which range from the freely provided services such as Google Scholar through to the complex federated search systems which enable the library to create a gateway to its resources. Ford, N. and Mansourian, Y. A feature introduced in November 2013 allows logged-in users to save search results into the "Google Scholar library", a personal collection which the user can search separately and organize by tags. Scholarly Open Access – Did A Romanian Researcher Successfully Game Google Scholar to Raise his Citation Count? [13] A metrics feature now supports viewing the impact of academic journals,[14] and whole fields of science, via the "metrics" button. (2007), in their study of students using MetaLib and Google Scholar, found that benefits of metasearching were offset by the complexity of the tool. As the name suggests, Google Scholar is an academic search engine from the house of Google. 365-375. (See: http://scholar.google.co.uk/intl/en/scholar/about.html.). Through its "Related articles" feature, Google Scholar presents a list of closely related articles, ranked primarily by how similar these articles are to the original result, but also taking into account the relevance of each paper. 31 No. On the other hand, Google Scholar doesn't allow to filter explicitly between toll access and open access resources, a feature offered Unpaywall and the tools which embed its data, such as Web of Science, Scopus and Unpaywall Journals, used by libraries to calculate the real costs and value of their collections.
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