A previous effort to extend the Washington Naval Treaty, the Geneva Naval Conference, had failed to produce results, but the Hoover administration convinced the British to re-open negotiations. "[40] Hoover hoped that coordination among business, labor, and consumers could bring an end to the business cycle and allow for sustained and predictable economic growth.
Roberts was confirmed by acclamation. Après des mois de débat, le Congrès a produit un projet de loi qui a augmenté les droits d'importation moyens sur les produits agricoles de 38 pour cent à 49 pour cent et les droits d'importation moyens sur les produits industriels de 31 pour cent à 34 pour cent. The first major bill that he signed, the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, established the Federal Farm Boardin order to stabilize farm prices. [102], Thousands of World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out in Washington, DC, during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of bonuses that had been promised by the World War Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924; the terms of the act called for payment of the bonuses in 1945.
Hoover lived in Iowa only for the first decade of his life. Reflecting his desire to avoid statist solutions, Hoover successfully opposed other proposals, such as the McNary-Haugen bill, that would have directly subsidized farmers.
Near the end of the speech he confidently observed: Ours is a land rich in resources; stimulating in its glorious beauty; filled with millions of happy homes; blessed with comfort and opportunity. Hoover, the 31st United States president, was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. L'année suivante, il a signé la loi Norris-La Guardia , qui interdisait les contrats avec les chiens jaunes , créait un droit positif de non-ingérence des employeurs contre les travailleurs adhérant à des syndicats et empêchait les tribunaux fédéraux de prononcer des injonctions contre les conflits de travail non violents. Alors que l'opinion publique se retournait de plus en plus contre la prohibition, de plus en plus de gens bafouaient la loi et plusieurs États ont abrogé les interdictions d'État sur les boissons alcoolisées.
The presidency of Herbert Hoover began on March 4, 1929, when Herbert Hoover was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1933.
Le 23 janvier 1933, l'amendement avait été ratifié par le nombre requis d'États pour devenir le vingtième amendement . Orphaned at the age of nine, he began an odyssey that would make him a multi-millionaire, international humanitarian, secretary of commerce, and President of the United States.
Cependant, Hamilton note également que Hoover était politiquement inepte et n'a pas reconnu la gravité de la Grande Dépression. À la fin de 1930, le taux de chômage national avait atteint 11,9 pour cent, mais il n'était pas encore clair pour la plupart des Américains que le ralentissement économique serait pire que la dépression de 1920–21. Herbert and Lou Henry with Lou's sister and parents on their wedding day.
[4] Hoover's opponents were unable to unite around an alternative candidate, and Hoover won the presidential nomination on the first ballot of the 1928 Republican National Convention.
Hoover et Stimson se sont concentrés sur la prolongation du traité naval de Washington de 1922 , qui visait à empêcher une course aux armements navals . Dans le but d'ouvrir plus d'emplois aux citoyens américains, le secrétaire au Travail William N. Doak a lancé une campagne pour poursuivre les immigrants illégaux aux États-Unis. By December 1933, it had been ratified by the requisite number of states to become the Twenty-first Amendment. Cherchant à résoudre une crise agricole en cours , Hoover a signé le Agricultural Marketing Act de 1929 .
"Rethinking the 1920s: Historians and Changing Perspectives.
En mettant l'accent sur la coopération entre les entreprises et le gouvernement, le Federal Farm Board reflétait également l'approche générale de la gouvernance de Hoover. Hoover did not completely refrain from the use of the military in Latin American affairs; he thrice threatened intervention in the Dominican Republic, and he sent warships to El Salvador to support the government against a left-wing revolution. Portrait of Herbert Hoover, 1928.
[116] Hoover also made American bankers agree to refrain from demanding payment on private loans from Germans.
La politique de bon voisinage de Franklin Roosevelt poursuivrait la tendance au non-interventionnisme en Amérique latine. En juin 1929, Hoover a signé le Agricultural Marketing Act de 1929 , qui a établi le Federal Farm Board pour stabiliser les prix agricoles. He was seen as the worst president ever, even though he tried to fix the economy (much like Obama today), and Congress stopping his every move to fix the problem.
[150] Hoover's reputation has also been affected by works focusing on his career outside of the presidency; biographers such as George H. Nash have shed light on Hoover's career before 1921, while Gary Best wrote a working focused on Hoover's post-presidential career and his influence on the conservative movement[151], According to Professor David E. Hamilton, historians have credited Hoover for his genuine belief in voluntarism and cooperation, as well as the innovation of some of his programs.
[23], Hoover's cabinet consisted largely of wealthy, business-oriented conservatives.
This page was last edited on 13 June 2020, at 17:42. Hoover favorisait les politiques dans lesquelles le gouvernement, les entreprises et les travailleurs travaillaient ensemble pour atteindre la prospérité économique, mais il s'opposait généralement à un rôle direct du gouvernement fédéral dans l'économie. En résumé, il a promis que les États-Unis agiraient en "bon voisin".
As Hoover's term extended until March 1933, he held office for several months after his defeat in the November 1932 election. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government. Hoover espérait que la coordination entre les entreprises, les travailleurs et les consommateurs pourrait mettre un terme au cycle économique et permettre une croissance économique soutenue et prévisible. Hoover nominated Benjamin Cardozo, the highly regarded chief judge of the New York Court of Appeals, and Cardozo was approved by the Senate in a unanimous vote. At the end of 1929, the FFB established the National Wool Marketing Corporation (NWMC), a national wool cooperative made up of 30 state associations. [79], Though some economists, like William Trufant Foster, favored deficit spending to address the Great Depression, most politicians and economists believed in the necessity of keeping a balanced budget.
We're sorry. Hoover n'aimait pas Mellon, qui maintenait un soutien intense parmi la vieille garde du parti, et comptait plutôt sur le sous-secrétaire au Trésor Ogden L. Mills .
Economists William D. Lastrapes and George Selgin conclude that the check tax was "an important contributing factor to that period's severe monetary contraction". [122] In response to the Japanese invasion, Hoover and Secretary of State Stimson outlined the Stimson Doctrine, which held that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force. Les élections de mi-mandat de 1930 ont vu les républicains perdre le contrôle de la Chambre et conserver de justesse le contrôle du Sénat. While Smith won extra support among Catholics in the big cities, he was the target of intense anti-Catholic rhetoric from the Ku Klux Klan, as well as numerous Protestant preachers in rural areas across the South and West.
Dans le cadre de ses efforts pour limiter le chômage, Hoover a cherché à réduire l' immigration aux États-Unis et, en 1930, il a promulgué un décret exigeant que les individus aient un emploi avant de migrer aux États-Unis. But it came as no surprise to Hoover that he lost to Franklin D. Roosevelt in the general election. Hoover souhaitait lier l'annulation de la dette au désarmement, mais l'annulation de la dette était extrêmement impopulaire dans une grande partie des États-Unis.
[100], Charles Curtis, the nation's first Native American Vice President, and the first person with acknowledged non-European ancestry, was from the Kaw tribe in Kansas. Promising to bring continued peace and prosperity to the nation, he carried 40 states and defeated Democratic candidate Alfred E. Smith (1873-1944), the governor of New York, by a record margin of 444-87 electoral votes. [58] Progressive Republicans such as Senator Borah were outraged when Hoover signed the tariff act, and Hoover's relations with that wing of the party never recovered.
L'amendement spécifiait également les procédures pour les cas en dont le président élu décède ou ne remplit pas les conditions requises.
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