Given that drugs for managing mental disorders are often in shortage in Ghanaian psychiatric hospitals [6, 38], it may be important that TAMs whose therapeutic relevance has been confirmed experimentally are considered for clinical usage. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in the publication of this manuscript. A literature review was conducted focusing on the plants that were widely used but had no published monograph. Medicinal plants used for respiratory affections in Navarra and their pharmacological validation. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Material and methods: The disease burden is even more prominent in the developing world, including Ghana [3, 5, 6]. Most TMPs had either primary school (53.1%) or secondary school (28.1%) education (Table 1); only 10.9% had some form of postsecondary education. The present study constitutes a good basis for further phytochemical and pharmacological research of C. nobile, J. glutinosa and S. chamaecyparissus, which could be of interest in the design of new inexpensive, effective and safe drugs. Information was collected using semi-structured ethnobotanical interviews with 667 informants in 265 locations. Out of these, 19.7% had treated a maximum of 5 patients, with only 1.5% having treated more than 20 patients. This paper provides important ethnopharmacological information on plants used in neurological and mental disorders in Navarra. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.035. However, a potential criticism of the traditional approach being employed by the TMPs in relation to the pharmaceutical industry approach to drug discovery is that whole plant extracts may contain several bioactive components, making it difficult to attribute therapeutic benefits and mechanism(s) of action to particular compounds (Rasoanaivo et al., 2011). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. A feasible means to refine, extend, and enhance the beneficial effects of the plant products identified in this study is to isolate, screen, and characterize bioactive compounds responsible for the positive disease-modifying effects reported. Box LG 56, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2295/, Inheritance (knowledge passed on from others). Nine out of 46 plants (20%) and 81 of 172 uses (47%), have already been pharmacologically validated. Thirty-two plant species belonging to twenty-eight families were identified. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. 4. In total, 66 TMPs were interviewed: 65 and 1 from the Greater Accra and Brong-Ahafo regions, respectively. Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana, 2Pharmacology, School of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK, 3School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK, 4Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training Partnership, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK, 5Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Further drug discovery and development research should be conducted on the reported plant products to identify lead compounds whose in vivo therapeutic capacities would be revealed in preclinical and clinical studies.
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