(1995) estimated that soil erosion cost $400 billion annually worldwide, or about $70 person−1 year−1. })*/ (, The acreage of non-HEL cropland declined from 294 million acres to 259 million acres over the same period, a decrease of 12%. dom_i.query(this).css("margin","0"); Soil erosion is the movement and transport of soil by various agents, particularly water, wind, and mass movement; hence climate is a key factor. Water (sheet & rill) erosion on cropland in 2007 declined from 1.68 billion tons per year to 960 million tons per year, and erosion due to wind declined from 1.38 billion tons per year to 765 million tons per year. Larger areas of lands are converted to built-up areas or industrial lands. It was estimated that soil erosion cost the United States $27 billion annually in onsite costs and $17 billion annually in offsite costs, for a total of $44 billion annually, or about $100 annually ha−1 of cropland and pasture. The running water deposits the mineral-rich soil in the riverbed and over the years this deposition of soil can change the course of the river. Still, soil erosion continued to be a major problem. The geotextile made with coconut fiber was used on the slopes of Area 4 with the same mix of native herbaceous plants as used in Area 1. Planting trees in hilly areas are most effective for conservation. Likewise, wide-spread concern over soil erosion did not take hold in Africa or India until later in the 20th century (Pretty and Shah, 1997). var imgTitle = dom_i.query(this).attr("title") == undefined ? '' Jiang et al. The economic impact of mitigating soil erosion significantly burdens the agri-business sector and the Nation as a whole. The consequences for long-term crop yields have not been adequately quantified. The various factors of soil erosion are: When strong winds blow, the topsoil along with the organic matter is carried away by the wind. Soil erosion by wind or water is a selective process where the organic-rich topsoil is lost (Lowery et al., 1995). The cost of preventing that erosion was estimated to be $8.4 billion annually. if(imgAlt != 'Broken Link' && imgAlt != '' && imgAlt != 'offsite link image'){ As a result, there was marked laminar erosion and reduced success in plant cover establishment (Fig. var imgAlt = dom_i.query(this).attr("alt") == undefined ? '' : dom_i.query(this).attr("alt").trim(); ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128054529000060, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080454054002962, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123485304000898, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128129869000178, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128127667000093, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128052006000013, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012314000203, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128053171000051, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444522726005201, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123705112500119, Simulation of Soil Erosion Risk in the Upstream Area of Bo River Watershed, Redefining Diversity & Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volume 3, Uranium Mine Waste Phytostabilization With Native Plants—A Case Study From Brazil, Lander de J. Alves, ... Paulo S.F. Soil erosion on cropland is of particular interest because of its on-site impacts on soil quality and crop productivity, and its off-site impacts on water quantity and quality, air quality, and biological activity. var imgFloat = dom_i.query(this).css("float") == undefined ? Du, in Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 2011. As a matter of course, soil erosion begins in the uplands where soil is dislodged and moved downslope, progressing from splash saltation, to entrainment in microchannels, to collection in rills, concentrated flow channels, gullies, and ultimately stream channels. of agricultural topsoil, the soil that is lost is essentially irreplaceable. While the details of these programs differ considerably in terms of conservation techniques promoted and the approach to motivate farmers to participate, they shared the general theme that soil conservation provides a public benefit that is deserving of public investment (Fullen, 2003; Troeh et al., 2004). } This is not to say that conventional agriculture will result in more erosion than organic farming systems. The purposes for using these plant blankets were to reduce erosion and obtain a uniform vegetation cover on the slope. [CDATA[ (2009) estimated that soil formation in Europe only averaged 1.4 Mg ha−1 year−1, indicating that soil in Europe was still being lost to erosion much more rapidly than it was being replaced by pedogenesis as the 20th century ended. Free’s work has been particularly praised from a soil science perspective because it may be the first work to recognize the impact of windblown materials on soil genesis rather than just investigating wind and windblown materials as a geomorphic process and deposit. Disposal of sewage and industrial solid wastes and their exudations into a number of open drains and river systems, soil erosion, and soil degradation are some of the unsolved problems. Eric C. Brevik, ... Beatriz Lozano-García, in Soil Mapping and Process Modeling for Sustainable Land Use Management, 2017. Without soil, there would be no grass, no crops, no trees, no food for us and other animals. What would happen if soil became less fertile? The roots of trees hold the soil together, thus preventing the soil from getting uprooted. The Appalachian region experienced the greatest decline in water erosion rates, from 6.8 tons per acre per year in 1982 to 3.2 tons per acre per year in 2007-a 53% decline over the period. When natural processes result in soil erosion this is referred to as geological erosion. dom_i.query(this).addClass('img_'+count); imgMarginLeft = imgMarginLeft.replace("px",""); Each point represents the 100-year mean of 100 randomly selected sites. Declines in soil erosion rates have moderated somewhat since 1997, but the general downward trend in both water (sheet & rill) and wind erosion continued through 2007. The NRI provides nationally consistent statistical data on erosion resulting from water (sheet & rill) and wind processes on cropland for the period 1982-2007. var title = dom.query(this).attr("title") == undefined ? It lies between the Rio Grande in the south and the delta of the Mackenzie River at the Arctic Ocean in the north and between the Interior Lowland and the Canadian Shield … Within Australia, where soil conservation efforts are primarily the responsibility of the individual States and Territories, New South Wales established a SCS in 1938, but the first national assessment of land degradation, including soil erosion, did not occur until 1975 (Dregne, 1995). Despite these advances, soil erosion was not recognized as a problem by many in the United States until the great environmental disaster known as the Dust Bowl, which lasted through the drought stricken 1930s in the Great Plains of the United States. In the early 1900s in the United States, Milton Whitney, the head of the Bureau of Soils, hired William John McGee and Edward Elway Free to lead studies in soil erosion by water and wind, respectively (Brevik et al., 2015). These plains are 5,000 to 7,000 meters (16,400 to 23,000 feet) below sea level, so scientists have a hard time studying them. Currently wind erosion is mainly a feature of arid and semiarid conditions. It is made up of dirt and rock. Soil losses to erosion were estimated as 17 Mg ha−1 year−1 in the United States and Europe and 35 Mg ha−1 year−1 in Asia, Africa, and South America (Pimentel et al., 1995). This kind of erosion is not unique to any farming practices. When large areas of the forest are cleared, the topsoil gets eroded by wind and flowing water.
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