[96], Around early 1809 Austen's brother Edward offered his mother and sisters a more settled life—the use of a large cottage in Chawton village[k] that was part of Edward's nearby estate, Chawton House. [148], Austen's plots highlight women's traditional dependence on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. [36] This was a very modest income at the time; by comparison, a skilled worker like a blacksmith or a carpenter could make about £100 annually while the typical annual income of a gentry family was between £1,000 and £5,000. [53], Among these works are a satirical novel in letters titled Love and Freindship [sic], written at age fourteen in 1790,[54] in which she mocked popular novels of sensibility. Le Faye (2014), xxii; Tomalin (1997), 194–206; Honan (1987), 237–245; MacDonagh (1991), 49. Austin stała się pisarką bardzo modną, kolejne jej powieści były rozchwytywane. The story centres on an invalid and impoverished clergyman and his four unmarried daughters. Tomalin (1997), 9–10, 26, 33–38, 42–43; Le Faye (2004), 52; Collins (1994), 133–134, Grundy (2014), 192–193; Tomalin (1997), 28–29, 33–43, 66–67; Honan (1987), 31–34; Lascelles (1966), 7–8. (A Gadamerian Approach)", "'Love & Friendship' Sundance Review: Whit Stillman Does Jane Austen—But Hasn't He Always? "Genius expressed in the nose The earliest known piece of Jane Austen-inspired fan fiction." Chapman published the first scholarly edition of Austen's collected works, which was also the first scholarly edition of any English novelist. Opieramy się na źródłach, które podajemy na końcu każdego artykułu. [56] Honan speculates that not long after writing Love and Freindship [sic], Austen decided to "write for profit, to make stories her central effort", that is, to become a professional writer. [59], When Austen became an aunt for the first time at age eighteen, she sent new-born niece Fanny-Catherine Austen-Knight "five short pieces of ... the Juvenilia now known collectively as 'Scraps' .., purporting to be her 'Opinions and Admonitions on the conduct of Young Women'". Her niece Anna described the family's life in Chawton as "a very quiet life, according to our ideas, but they were great readers, and besides the housekeeping our aunts occupied themselves in working with the poor and in teaching some girl or boy to read or write. Tomalin describes it as "a loving and polished eulogy". [77] While retirement and travel were good for the elder Austens, Jane Austen was shocked to be told she was moving from the only home she had ever known. [41] After 1786, Austen "never again lived anywhere beyond the bounds of her immediate family environment". Together these collections amounted to a large and varied library. [15], For much of Jane's life, her father, George Austen (1731–1805), served as the rector of the Anglican parishes at Steventon and at nearby Deane. I niestety […], większość ludzi nie traktuje życia poważnie, aż do chwili, w której jest już na to za późno.”. Conservatives in opposition to the liberal Whigs. The paucity of record of Austen's life leaves modern biographers little with which to work. [85] No contemporary letters or diaries describe how Austen felt about this proposal. Tomalin (1997), Appendix I, 283–284; see also A. Upfal. His sister Philadelphia went to India to find a husband and George entered St John's College, Oxford on a fellowship, where he most likely met Cassandra Leigh (1739–1827). Lodge, David. [181], In a typical modern debate, the conservative American professor Gene Koppel, to the indignation of his liberal literature students, mentioned that Austen and her family were "Tories of the deepest dye", i.e. Austen bywa określana jako znawczyni psychiki kobiet, jej powieści jako jedne z pierwszych szeroko eksponowały role i problemy kobiet XIX-wiecznej Anglii. [93] For the next four years, the family's living arrangements reflected their financial insecurity. Concern arose that academics were obscuring the appreciation of Austen with increasingly esoteric theories, a debate that has continued since. Pola, których wypełnienie jest wymagane, są oznaczone symbolem *. Lefroy and Austen would have been introduced at a ball or other neighbourhood social gathering, and it is clear from Austen's letters to Cassandra that they spent considerable time together: "I am almost afraid to tell you how my Irish friend and I behaved. Brak oddanych głosów. The sisters returned home before December 1786 because the school fees for the two girls were too high for the Austen family. She was born a month later than her parents expected; her father wrote of her arrival in a letter that her mother "certainly expected to have been brought to bed a month ago". The publication of James Edward Austen-Leigh's A Memoir of Jane Austen in 1869 introduced Austen to a wider public as "dear aunt Jane", the respectable maiden aunt. [55] The next year she wrote The History of England, a manuscript of thirty-four pages accompanied by thirteen watercolour miniatures by her sister, Cassandra. Kelly, Gary. From the 19th century, her family members published conclusions to her incomplete novels, and by 2000 there were over 100 printed adaptations. [38], In 1783, Austen and her sister Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs Ann Cawley who took them with her to Southampton when she moved there later in the year. Even some of the most successful titles during this period were issued in editions of not more than 750 or 800 copies and later reprinted if demand continued. The small size of the novel-reading public and the large costs associated with hand production (particularly the cost of handmade paper) meant that most novels were published in editions of 500 copies or less to reduce the risks to the publisher and the novelist. Tomalin (1997), 101–103, 120–123, 144; Honan (1987), 119. Bigg-Wither proposed and Austen accepted. "[145] Techniques such as fragmentary speech suggest a character's traits and their tone; "syntax and phrasing rather than vocabulary" is utilised to indicate social variants. [73] The description of the execution of the Comte de Feuillide related by his widow left Austen with an intense horror of the French Revolution that lasted for the rest of her life. [122] The majority of biographers rely on Zachary Cope's 1964 retrospective diagnosis and list her cause of death as Addison's disease, although her final illness has also been described as resulting from Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sutherland describes the novel as "a study in the harsh economic realities of dependent women's lives". Yet in Northanger Abbey she alludes to the trope, with the heroine, Catherine, anticipating a move to a remote locale. If Tom Lefroy later visited Hampshire, he was carefully kept away from the Austens, and Jane Austen never saw him again. A significant transition in her posthumous reputation occurred in 1833, when her novels were republished in Richard Bentley's Standard Novels series, illustrated by Ferdinand Pickering, and sold as a set. Johnson, Claudia. Looser, Devoney. [187], From 1995 many Austen adaptations appeared, with Ang Lee's film of Sense and Sensibility, for which screenwriter and star Emma Thompson won an Academy Award, and the BBC's immensely popular TV mini-series Pride and Prejudice, starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth. Over the centuries as each generation of eldest sons received inheritances, their wealth was consolidated, and George's branch of the family fell into poverty. [138] Similar to William Wordsworth, who excoriated the modern frantic novel in the "Preface" to his Lyrical Ballads (1800), Austen distances herself from escapist novels; the discipline and innovation she demonstrates is similar to his, and she shows "that rhetorically less is artistically more. Her use of biting irony, along with her realism, humour, and so… Jane Austen przyszła na świat w Steventon 16 grudnia 1775 roku. [22], Their income was modest, with George's small per annum living; Cassandra brought to the marriage the expectation of a small inheritance at the time of her mother's death. Southam (1968), 152; Southam (1987), 20–21. [8] Many of the letters were written to Austen's older sister Cassandra, who in 1843 burned the greater part of them and cut pieces out of those she kept. Sutherland, Kathryn. [36], During this period of her life, Austen attended church regularly, socialised with friends and neighbours,[g] and read novels—often of her own composition—aloud to her family in the evenings. [7] During her lifetime, Austen may have written as many as 3,000 letters, but only 161 survived. She completed the initial draft in August 1797, aged 21; as with all of her novels, Austen read the work aloud to her family as she was working on it and it became an "established favourite". „Rozważna i romantyczna” oraz „Duma i uprzedzenie”. "Jane Austen's Novels: Form and Structure". "Jane Austen and literary traditions". Dopiero wydanie „Rozważnej i romantycznej” i duży sukces tej książki zapoczątkowało jej karierę. [89][i], In 1804, while living in Bath, Austen started, but did not complete, her novel The Watsons. Brownstein, Rachel M. "Out of the Drawing Room, Onto the Lawn". [j] It was here that Austen is thought to have written her fair copy of Lady Susan and added its "Conclusion". TLS, 13 December 2019. "[34], From 1773 until 1796, George Austen supplemented his income by farming and by teaching three or four boys at a time, who boarded at his home. [143] Austen attempted Richardson's epistolary style, but found the flexibility of narrative more conducive to her realism, a realism in which each conversation and gesture carries a weight of significance. [177] In 1994, literary critic Harold Bloom placed Austen among the greatest Western writers of all time. [81] Furthermore, Austen frequently both moved and travelled over southern England during this period, which was hardly a conducive environment for writing a long novel. Looser, Devoney. [176] The divide has widened between the popular appreciation of Austen, particularly by modern Janeites, and academic judgements. [39] Austen was from then home educated, until she attended boarding school in Reading with her sister from early in 1785 at the Reading Abbey Girls' School, ruled by Mrs La Tournelle, who possessed a cork leg and a passion for theatre. Jane Austen była córką duchownego kościoła anglikańskiego, edukację odebrała głównie w domu. Jane Austen urodziła się 16 grudnia 1775 r. w Steventon. [117], In mid-1815 Austen moved her work from Egerton to John Murray, a better known London publisher,[m] who published Emma in December 1815 and a second edition of Mansfield Park in February 1816. Litz, A. Walton "Recollecting Jane Austen" pp. Le Faye (2014) xxii; Tomalin (1997), 182–184; Honan (1987), 203–205. [109] Mansfield Park was published by Egerton in May 1814.
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