Four of the bands tell you the nominal value. This created a number of difficulties for electronic circuit design because often the supplier needed to be identified so that the electronic component value could then be chosen. This will reduce the number of different components in a design and for large scale production, this will help reduce costs. Electrolytic capacitors typically have a very wide tolerance, although others such as many ceramic types have a much tighter tolerance and many be available in ranges conforming to the E12 or even E24 values. In 1952 the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) decided to define the resistance and tolerance values into a norm, to ease the mass manufacturing of resistors. Quartz crystals Resistor tolerances are generally ±20%, ±10% ±5%, ±2% and ±1%. To meet the demand for the standardisation needed, an organisation known as the International Electrotechnical Organisation started work on a standard in 1948. Each decade is divided in 48 values. This arises dues to the different rounding rules used. Relays Next to the E12 series, other series are existing. Here’s how you use the color code to figure out the nominal value of the resistor (refer to the figure): Compare the ends of the resistor. Cathleen Shamieh is an electrical engineer and a high-tech writer with extensive engineering and consulting experience in the fields of medical electronics, speech processing, and telecommunications. This number is the first digit of the resistance. The tolerance is ±10%. Light dependent resistor Inductors The same concept of using values in a standard list that are determined by the tolerance of the components is equally applicable. These standard values are also valid for other components like capacitors, inductors and Zener diodes. For example, for a tolerance of ±20% it makes sense to have each resistor about 1.5 times its predecessor, covering a decade in 6 values. If that is the case, the band that is closest to one end of the resistor is the first band. Thyristor If one of the outer bands is silver or gold, that band is probably the last band, so the first band is at the other end. In practice the factor used is 1.4678, … For analogue designs a little more flexibility is often needed, but even E6 or E12 standard resistor values can be used without difficulty in most electronic circuit designs. An easy way to multiply a whole number by a power of 10 (that is, 100, 101, 102, 103, and so on) is to just append (meaning tack on to the end) the whole number with zeros, and use the exponent (which is the small, raised number next to the 10) to tell you how many zeros to append. Look up the color of the second band in the column labeled “2nd digit” and find the number associated with that color. The different values are spaced such that the top of the tolerance band of one value and the bottom of the tolerance band of the next one do not overlap. Look up the color of the first band in the column labeled “1st digit” and find the number associated with that color. These standard values are also valid for other components like capacitors, inductors and Zener diodes. More accurate tolerances are available for some resistors, but these are not as widely available and costs are higher. To figure out how far off from the nominal value the actual resistance could be, you look at the fourth band on a standard resistor (or the fifth band on a precision resistor). Carbon types are rarely available these days and in any case would only available in the lower tolerance ranges as their values cannot be guaranteed to such a close tolerance. The fifth band tells you the tolerance. The E-series is also used for capacitors, inductors and a number or some other electronic components and it applies to both leaded and surface mount devices. SMD resistor markings & codes So the actual value of the resistance could be any value from 446.5 to 493.5 Ω. Multiply the two-digit number by the multiplier. How to Simulate a Variable Resistor in LTSpice • Ensure LT Spice is completely Maximized • Create a circuit how you normally would, with normal resistors • Set the . In 1952 the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) decided to define the resistance and tolerance values into a norm, to ease the mass manufacturing of resistors. Here are two examples: 22 x 103. It is also equally applicable for other components. The E6 series resistor values are also widely used within the industry. Varistor A logical scheme is to produce resistors in a range of values which increase in a geometric progression, so that each value is greater than its predecessor by a fixed multiplier or percentage, chosen to match the tolerance of the range. However the E24 series, being a much closer tolerance series is only available in the higher tolerance types. Again when a resistor is marked as 2M LOG, it will have maximum 2 mega Ω resistance and it has logarithmic track. A further impetus came about after the Second World War with the introduction and the significant rise in the use of consumer electronic devices and equipment. For the majority of circuits — and in all the projects in Electronics For Kids For Dummies — it’s okay to use a standard resistor. Diodes Most standard resistors have tolerances of 5%, 10%, or 20%, and most precision resistors have tolerances of 1% or 2%. The E series values are split into two groups which have slightly different numbering, although they follow the same basic numerology: It can be seen that some of the values in the E24 series do not exist in E48 to E192 series. Below are the common resistor values. This helps the supplier to limit the number of different values that have to be produced or kept in stock. The values chosen for electronic components like resistors and capacitors were determined by different manufacturers. The standardization of resistor values serves several important purposes. Usually, the colored band at one end is closer to that end than is the colored band at the other end. Metal oxide film The Tolerance is 20%. For the resistor shown in the preceding figure, the first two digits are 4 and 7, so the two-digit number is 47. Standard Resistor Values ( ±5%) 1.0 10 100 1.0K 10K 100K 1.0M 1.1 11 110 1.1K 11K 110K 1.1M 1.2 12 120 1.2K 12K 120K 1.2M 1.3 13 130 1.3K 13K 130K 1.3M 1.5 15 150 1.5K 15K 150K 1.5M 1.6 16 160 1.6K 16K 160K 1.6M 1.8 18 180 1.8K 18K 180K 1.8M 2.0 20 200 2.0K 20K 200K 2.0M 2.2 22 220 2.2K 22K 220K 2.2M 2.4 24 240 2.4K 24K 240K 2.4M 2.7 27 270 2.7K 27K 270K 2.7M 3.0 30 300 3.0K 30K 300K … Occasionally E24, E48, E96 or even E192 series values may needed for high accuracy and close tolerance requirements: filters, oscillators, measurement applications, etc. For the majority of circuits — and in all the projects in Electronics For Kids For Dummies — it’s okay to use a standard resistor. The resistance of this component at the bottom of its tolerance band is 1.2 ohms.
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